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WF3FXZZPWZZ+- 2X  W,  q  Study Conclusions: Miscarriages of justice can and do occur. Eyewitnesses can be wrong. Media Conclusions:  Eyewitness testimony is the worst evidence you could possibly have, but at trial it s the strongest evidence you could possibly present. -ABC News E2 E  How often are defendants convicted based on eyewitness ID evidence alone? How does the quality of eyewitness evidence impact case screening? dJCJC Out of 321major violator cases, 18 were found in which the defendant claimed mistaken identification at trial. Features of these mistaken ID trial cases were compared to 3 other types of cases (N = 234) that also involved eyewitness ID s: Trial cases in which defendant admitted the act (n = 30) Plea bargained cases (n = 138) Rejected cases (n = 30) o(ppS-1  Information coded from the case files: eyewitnessing conditions, witness characteristics, identification characteristics and physical evidence. Cross-case comparisons for each feature were made using composite measures derived from all of the witnesses in a given case. examples: duration of exposure to the culprit was averaged across witnesses; positive identification measured by the number of witnesses that made positive ID s of the suspect  ~~  #      K    '  qWe expected case screening decisions to be based mostly on physical evidence. Plea bargained cases were expected to have stronger physical and eyewitness evidence compared to the other case types. Mistaken ID cases were expected to have equally strong physical evidence but weaker eyewitness evidence than either other types of trial cases or plea bargained cases. N(w22n     <    <    <    <    < "     <    < /.  ` ̙33` ` ff3333f` 333MMM` f` f` 3>?" dd@,|?" dd@   " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>> h`(    6@ P  T Click to edit Master title style! !  0   RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     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S H 6H `P   P*   H 6 `   R*  H H 0޽h ? ̙33 kc (  l  C D>  RB  s *Dg@[RB  s *Dg0@[0  0 @ t This material is based upon work supported under a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship to the first author.  2v  C NA6C:\WINDOWS\Desktop\nsf.gif8 @H  0޽h ? ̙33#  @  c(   l  C  @    c $ ff YResearch Issues.$R  s *ffd\ R  s *ffd\@R  s *ffd\sL  c $ff\`L  c $ff\ L  c $ff\@H  0޽h ? ̙33"  ` b( M$   c $ ff@ X1996 NIJ Study.$R  s *ffd  R  s *ffd @R  s *ffd sL  c $ff `L  c $ff  L   c $ff @l   C |   H  0޽h ? ̙33  p $( db r  S     c $ff ]NIJ DNA Conclusions.$R  s *ffd\ R  s *ffd\@R  s *ffd\sL  c $ff\`L  c $ff\ L   c $ff\@   0,Pp  O   2 H  0޽h ? ̙33   (  r  S 2    c $3ff W Current Study. $R  s *ffd\ R  s *ffd\@R  s *ffd\sL  c $ff\`L  c $ff\ L   c $ff\@   0xDPp  O   2 H  0޽h ? ̙33    @`( + @r @ S K  @   @ c $@M@ff PMethod.$R @ s *ffd\ R @ s *ffd\@R @ s *ffd\sL @ c $ff\`L @ c $ff\ L  @ c $ff\@H @ 0޽h ? ̙33    D`(  Dr D S )  @   D c $DDff PMethod.$R D s *ffd\ R D s *ffd\@R D s *ffd\sL D c $ff\`L D c $ff\ L  D c $ff\@H D 0޽h ? ̙33$   Pd(  Pr P S S P@   P c $TPff T Hypotheses.  $R P s *ffd\ R P s *ffd\@R P s *ffd\sL P c $ff\`L P c $ff\ L  P c $ff\@H P 0޽h ? ̙33u  % 4 ( 0R  r  S pb    c $e ffP0p _Witnessing Conditions.$R  s *ffd<SR  s *ffd<R  s *ffd<3L  c $ff<-L  c $ff<ML  c $ff<  0sPp  O   2  4 0i @  'GGood lighting: 37% Trial Mistaken ID 36% Trial Other 58% Plea Bargain 54% Rejected Mean distance (inches) from culprit: 83.60 Trial Mistaken ID 27.86 Trial Other 33.92 Plea Bargain 27.87 Rejected Median culprit exposure duration: 30 seconds Trial Mistaken ID 1 minute Trial Other 3 minutes Plea Bargain 2 minutes Rejected D%L#2`D$K!^   H  0޽h ? ̙33  ?7 $(    $r $ S L   $ c $$ff ZWitness Features.$R $ s *ffd PR $ s *ffd@PR $ s *ffdsPL $ c $ff`PL $ c $ff PL  $ c $ff@P  $ 0\Pp  O   2   $ 0( `  FfAverage number of eyewitnesses: 3.17 Trial Mistaken ID 2.00 Trial Other 1.93 Plea Bargain 1.75 Rejected Any witness change her or his testimony? 55% of Trial Mistaken ID 10% of Trial Other 14% of Plea Bargain 15% of Rejected Mean number of culprit features described by eyewitnesses: 2.22 Trial Mistaken ID 1.47 Trial Other 0.99 Plea Bargain 0.89 Rejected  H)P<2I H(O:G   H $ 0޽h ? ̙33   (( % (r ( S    ( c $ܢ(ff V ID Features.  $R ( s *ffd PR ( s *ffd@PR ( s *ffdsPL ( c $ff`PL ( c $ff PL  ( c $ff@P  ( 0ܨPp  O   2   ( 0 \  bMedian ID Delay: 8.97 Days Trial Mistaken ID 23.28 Hours Trial Other 1.84 Hours Plea Bargain 2.16 Hours Rejected Average number of positive identifications: 1.60 Trial Mistaken ID 1.38 of Trial Other 1.37 of Plea Bargain 1.21 of Rejected Average number of failed identifications: 2.57 Trial Mistaken ID 1.00 Trial Other 1.15 Plea Bargain 1.44 Rejected `,Q+2I +P)G   H ( 0޽h ? ̙33   ,>(  ,r , S    , c $H,ffP0 W ID Procedure. $R , s *ffd\ R , s *ffd\@R , s *ffd\sL , c $ff\`L , c $ff\ L  , c $ff\@  , 0HPp  O   2 l  , 0A T??a T , 6xd gX  > Percentage 2 H , 0޽h ? ̙33N   0(   0r 0 S    0 c $0ffP0 S Evidence.  $R 0 s *ffd\ R 0 s *ffd\@R 0 s *ffd\sL 0 c $ff\`L 0 c $ff\ L  0 c $ff\@  0 0Pp  O   2 l  0 0A [??a [H 0 0޽h ? ̙33H   X(  X X c $\Xff X Other Factors.$R X s *ffd PR X s *ffd@PR X s *ffdsPL X c $ff`PL X c $ff PL  X c $ff@P  X 0\Pp  O   2   X 0 `@  {Suspect Prior Record: 83% Trial Mistaken ID 87% Trial Other 75% Plea Bargain 56% Rejected Average Arrest Delay (days): 174.35 Trial Mistaken ID 21.49 Trial Other 4.93 of Plea Bargain 28.16 Rejected DO2DN   H X 0޽h ? ̙33{  +#  4(  4r 4 S p   4 c $4ffP0 t Mistaken ID Trial Cases@$R 4 s *ffdL R 4 s *ffdL@R 4 s *ffdLsL 4 c $ffL`L 4 c $ffL L  4 c $ffL@  4 0*Pp  O   2 x 4 <A @??U, @H 4 0޽h ? ̙33  0 <]( 2 Re <r < S * *  < c $*<ffP0 V Conclusions.  $R < s *ffd\ R < s *ffd\@R < s *ffd\sL < c $ff\`L < c $ff\ L  < c $ff\@  < 0*Pp  O   2 8  < 0*  @ rMistaken ID trial cases most often (89%) involved physical evidence implicating the suspect. Plea bargained cases generally involved better witnesses and less physical evidence than trial cases. But, suspects were usually arrested immediately on scene or within hours. 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N2R 0vxs"AOh+'0DR `h 0< \ h tMISTAKENLY IDENTIFIED: MEASURING BIAS IN POLICE AND LABORATORY PHOTOGRAPHIC LINEUPS Heather Flowe and Ebbe Ebbesen University of California, San DiegogenericEbbe B. Ebbesen51eMicrosoft PowerPoint: M@`=V@`U^n-@`7S GPg  R('& &&#TNPP2OMi & TNPP &&TNPP     'A x(xKʦ """)))UUUMMMBBB999|PP3f3333f333ff3fffff3f3f̙f3333f3333333333f3333333f3f33ff3f3f3f3333f3333333f3̙33333f333ff3ffffff3f33f3ff3f3f3ffff3fffffffff3fffffff3f̙ffff3ff333f3ff33fff33f3ff̙3f3f3333f333ff3fffff̙̙3̙f̙̙̙3f̙3f3f3333f333ff3fffff3f3f̙3ffffffffff!___www⽙ysssCJslmlsmtfmyÙýš--&TNPP &՜.+,0P    On-screen ShowCAs Times New RomanArialDefault DesignMicrosoft Word DocumentMicrosoft Graph 97 ChartAn Archival Analysis of Trial Cases in which the Defense Claimed Mistaken Identification Heather D. Flowe and Ebbe B. 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