1. Which of the following statements about drug tolerance is most accurate?
A. Drug tolerance develops in the environment in which a person frequently takes the drug.
B. Drug tolerance is an internal physiological matter completely indifferent to experience or environment.
C. Drug tolerance is completely unlearned.
D. Drug tolerance has no relation to drug deaths from overdose.
E. All are accurate

2. The interior cavity of the neural tube will eventually develop into
A. the midbrain.
B. blood vessels.
C. the cerebral ventricles and central canal.
D. the rhombencephalon.
E. none of the above

3. Which of the following produces an IPSP?
A. efflux (outflow) of Cl- ions
B. efflux (outflow) of K+ ions
C. influx of extracellular proteins
D. influx of Na+
E. all of these would lead to an IPSP

4. The resting potential of a neuron is ________mV but through _________ a cell reaches a voltage of _______mV, which is the threshold potential.
A. -70, hyperpolarization, -50
B. -50, hyperpolarization, -70
C. -70, depolarization, -50
D. -50, depolarization, -70
E. none of the above

5. Which one of the following does NOT play an important role in allowing ions to enter and leave a cell?
A. proteins
B. pumps
C. gates
D. channels
E. codons

6. Autoreceptors are typically part of a
A. positive feedback mechanism governing synaptic transmitter release.
B. negative feedback mechanism regulating presynaptic transmitter release.
C. postsynaptic receptor regulation mechanism.
D. mechanism governing switching of transmitter types.
E. none of the above

7. Saltatory conduction refers to the propagation of an action potential at successive
A. Schwann cells
B. axons
C. neurons
D. nodes of Ranvier
E. none of the above

8. If a new drug called Wow is more potent than amphetamine, the dose-response curve for Wow will be __________ the dose-response curve for amphetamine.
A. above
B. below
C. to the right of
D. to the left of
E. none of the above

9. A graded potential ....
A. dissipates with time and space.
B. is directly proportional to amount of current applied
C. reverses direction based on the number of prior action potentials
D. choices A and B
E. choices A and C

10. The normal order of neural development is
A. neurogenesis, cell death, synaptogenesis.
B. neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, cell death.
C. cell death, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis.
D. synaptogenesis, neurogenesis, cell death.

11. When the electrical potential across the cell membrane is more negative than the resting
potential, a neuron is said to be in the state of:
A. depolarization
B. hyperpolarization
C. repolarization
D. threshold
E. refraction

12. If an IPSP were to occur in close proximity on a neural membrane to an EPSP, what would be the net result?
A. They would summate to produce a greater depolarization than either one separately
B. They would summate to produce a greater hyperpolarization than either one separately
C. They would produce approximately the same depolarization that either would individually
D. They would produce approximately the same hyperpolarization that either would individually
E. They would act as opposing forces, each canceling the membrane effect of the other

13. Fred picks up a pan from the stove, then quickly drops it because it is hot. In what order of neurons did the signal travel?
A. sensory neuron to motoneuron to interneuron
B. motoneuron to sensory neuron to interneuron
C. sensory neuron to interneuron to motoneuron
D. interneuron to sensory neuron to motoneuron
E. none of the above

14. If the synthetic compound X occupies the receptor for GABA, but does not activate that receptor, we say that X is a(n) __________ of GABA.
A. agonist
B. antagonist
C. opponent process
D. derivative
E. none of the above

15. Which of the following lobes of the human brain is located most caudally?
A. temporal
B. frontal
C. occipital
D. parietal
E. hippocampal

16. Which lobe of the brain has been implicated in face recognition, language comprehension and Kluver-Bucy syndrome?
A. parietal
B. occipital
C. lateral
D. temporal
E. frontal

17. Which of the following represents the all-or-none law?
A. Every depolarization produces an action potential
B. Every hyperpolarization produces an action potential
C. The size of the action potential is independent of the strength of the stimulus that initiated it
D. The size of the action potential is dependent upon the strength of the stimulus that initiated it
E. Every depolarization reaches the threshold even if it fails to produce an action potential

18. Summation of postsynaptic potentials, leading to generation of an action potential, generally occurs in a part of the neuron known as the _________.
A. axon hillock
B. axon terminal
C. dendrite
D. nucleus
E. nodes of Ranvier

19. Which of the following statements best descries the gray matter of the spinal cord?
A. consists primarily of axons, receives sensory input from the dorsal root
B. consists primarily of cell bodies, receives sensory input from the ventral root
C. consists primarily of axons, receives sensory input from the ventral root
D. consists primarily of cell bodies, receives sensory input from the dorsal root
E. consists of both cell bodies and axons, is not innervated by sensory fibers

20. People who have used a drug repeatedly may come to need a higher and higher dose to accomplish the same effect. This is an example of __________.
A. sensitization.
B. tolerance.
C. cross-tolerance.
D. acceleration.
E. none of the above.

21. Which of the following does NOT describe a property of ionotropic synapses?
A. Ligand-activated
B. G protein-coupled
C. Fast responding
D. Brief response
E. All are properties

22. Which of the following statement(s) about synaptogenesis are (is) true?
A. It is affected by experience
B. In humans, it increases massively postnatally
C. It continues throughout adulthood in mammals
D. There is fine-tuning of synapses throughout life
E. All of the above

23. What is the maximum number of action potential that a neuron can fire during the absolute refractory period?
A. none
B. 1
C. 100
D. 1000
E. unlimited

24. The "lock and key" analogy refers to
A. the action of a neurotransmitter on a receptor protein.
B. the activation of the nerve impulse.
C. the diversity of neurotransmitters.
D. the specificity of toxin effect on ion conductance.
E. all of the above.

25. You are surfing and you find yourself very aware of a large grey fin nearby. In your attempt to flee what engages your body to take action?
A. parasympathetic activation
B. sacral activation
C. sympathetic activation
D. coronal activation
E. oligodendrocyte activation

26. Spinal cord cells are induced to develop as motoneurons under the influence of what structure?
A. The notochord
B. The filopodia
C. The dorsal root ganglia
D. The interneurons
E. None of the above

27. What is the name of the tracts that connect the two hemispheres of the brain?
A. ventricle
B. superior colliculus
C. corpus callosum
D. amygdala
E. limbic system

28. The cortex contains ________ layer(s) of cell bodies that appear as ________ matter, with ________ matter underneath.
A. 1 gray white
B. 3 gray white
C. 3 white gray
D. 6 gray white
E. 6 white gray

Answers
No. in No. on
1 A
2 C
3 B
4 C
5 E
6 B
7 D
8 D
9 D
10 B
11 B
12 E
13 C
14 B
15 C
16 D
17 C
18 A
19 D
20 B
21 B
22 E
23 A
24 A
25 C
26 A
27 C
28 D